 |
| Impression on pot M-1372 with inscription (right to left): WINGED MAN BETWEEN CEES / POT HATTED BEARER (his "shoulder yoke" is clearly bent in the original photograph, though I have poorly reproduced it here). |
As I discuss the signs that remain in my list, I will only
refer in passing to variations on signs previously covered. Thus, while the first fifteen-stroke symbol
is POT-HATTED BEARER (XV 1), I have little to say about it. I note only that the variant with fifteen
strokes either has a single horizontal line forming both “arms,” or else is
armless and has a bent “shoulder yoke.”
The first appears once at Mohenjo daro and once at Chanhujo daro, while
the second occurs twice at Harappa and once at Mohenjo daro. These two types are included in the sign
enumerated KP4 and Fs A-8, which Fairservis defines as “Great/High Guardian.” Wells separates them into W5b and W8.
 |
| Seal M-328 with inscription: MAN HOLDING POST / POT-HATTED BEARER. |
The following sign is included on the basis of Wells’ list,
where it is enumerated W55. I term it
POT-HATTED BEARER WITH SINGLE JUG (XV 2).
However, this sign actually is an instance of the previous one, with
straight “arms.” One “jug” is very thin,
but it still was carved with two lines. Note that one or another "bearer" appears alongside another anthropomorphic sign periodically. In these cases, the artisan who made the seals did not depict the anthropomorph in quite the same way both times! It is possible that this indicates a significance for the "bearer" that does not involve humans. Note also that Korink finds all of the "bearers" (regardless of their form and regardless of their "hats") to be terminal elements (2007: 28-31). They may occur after certain other terminals -- including COMB, SPEAR, POT, and MAN, and before COMB.
 |
| Pot shard L-221 with inscription: POT HATTED BEARER / MAN ON DOUBLE CARTWHEELS (it is quite possible that the sequence should be reversed, i.e., that the inscription "reads" from right to left, with the "bearer" at the end). |
Today’s third sign is MAN ON DOUBLE CARTWHEELS (XV 3). It appears in the literature as KP21 and
W63. Wells notes it to be a singleton
from Lothal (L-221) where it shows up on a pot shard. The closest parallel is in Egyptian, where
glyph A39 depicts a man standing on the backs of two long-necked animals. This symbol is an ideograph in Qis or Qsy, the name of the town of Cusae, with the panther-headed animals
the emblem of that place (Gardiner 1976: 446).
 |
Detail from seal M-10 with inscription: SPACESHIP / BIRD BETWEEN PARENTHESES / BI-QUOTES //
CIRCLED BI-FORK / FISH UNDER CHEVRON / CUPPED SPOON / 6 POSTS / SKEWERED
CHEVRON / LAMBDA / QUAD-FORK (note the two-pronged "tail" of the "bird"). |
There follows another BIRD BETWEEN PARENTHESES (XV 4), also
known as KP67, and W96 plus W97. This “bird”
has a “tail” of two prongs, differentiating it from previous versions. But whether this is significant cannot be
determined at this point. Combining the
two symbols as depicted in Wells’ list, there are still only 13 occurrences,
mostly from Mohenjo daro, but one apiece from Harappa, Lothal, and Kalibangan
as well.
 |
Tablet H-951A & B with inscriptions (right to left): MALLET / STRIPED FAT LEG LAMBDA / MAN HOLDING DOUBLE SHISH KEBABS / BUGS ON STRIPED LEAF (A side); FOUR POSTS / CUP (B side). Note the "shish
kebabs" have three rather than four strokes. |
The next symbol is MAN HOLDING DOUBLE SHISH KEBABS (XV
5). To include 15 strokes, each “kebab”
should have four crossing strokes, although I only count three myself. It is shown in other lists as KP29, W60, and
Fs A-25. Since I discussed the 13-stroke
version earlier, I will add nothing further here.
 |
| Bar seal M-366 with inscription: POTTED 3 / MAN BY CHEVRON / BIRD WITH UPRIGHT TAIL / 3 QUOTES / BI-FORK TOPPED HAIR PICK (note that this "bird" is standing on its "tail," perhaps to take up less room?). |
Another bird follows: STANDING BIRD WITH UPRIGHT TAIL (XV
6), this time with both the body and the tail striped. It may be the same as KP71, and is certainly
W99 and W100. It seems to me that the
bird either stands on its feet or on its tail depending on how much room the
artisan allowed it. It should
accordingly be grouped with others of its kind, regardless of the stroke
number.
 |
Detail from seal M-91 with inscription: BI-RAKE / PRAWN / VEE IN DIAMOND /
BI-QUOTES // 2 POSTS / FISH / CRAB / WINGED MAN / POT. |
Another STRIPED PRAWN comes afterward (XV 7). As KP73, it has 12 strokes; as Fs C-1 it has
15 and is included here for that reason.
It also appears as W148, in four variants.
 |
| Seal M-1188 with (partial?) inscription: BLANKET (6 TICKS) / HEADLESS FLYING BIRD / BI-QUOTES // WHISKERED FISH (?) // DOUBLED BLANKETS (?) / MAN HOLDING DEE-SLASH / TRI-FORK / (?). |
The HEADLESS FLYING BIRD (XV 8) also makes a second
appearance. With just 13 strokes, it is
KP65, while Fairservis gives it 17 as C-4.
Wells notes three variants of his W150.
There are four occurrences, all told, but just one has 15 strokes
(M-1188). Fairservis suggests that it
depicts a bee rather an a bird, with the meaning “honey.” He also considers it a depiction of a flying
fish meaning “beauty, dance.” While it
might be either one, it seems hardly credible that it is both.
 |
| Seal C-29 with inscription: 2 POSTS / BLANKET (6? TICKS) / OVERLAPPING CIRCLES / PANTS / SINGLE QUOTE // 2 POSTS / STRIPED LEAF / POT // BACKSLASH AND 2 POSTS (or is the last sign really two?). |
We find another STRIPED LEAF here (XV 9), as it occurs on a
seal from Chanhujo daro (C-29). the
number of strokes in the many variations of this symbol varies from perhaps as
few as seven to as many as 15. But all
should probably be grouped together.
Elsewhere it is identified as KP112, W254, and Fs E-6.
 |
| Seal B-12 with inscription: GRAIN EAR // STACKED SEVEN (a most unusual form of both signs). |
A second GRAIN EAR follows (XV 10), elsewhere listed as
KP100, W270, and Fs E-1. It occurs
rarely, just three times according to Wells, but the number of prongs differs
each time. Fairservis considers it a
tree with the rather improbable meaning “cow.”
 |
Egyptian unguent vase from King Tut's tomb: ears of grain appear above the depiction of the
lion attacking the bull and in front of the bull's leg (from a postcard). |
Assuming it is actually a plant, I find multiple
parallels. Egyptian glyph M34 is almost
identical, signifying emmer wheat.
Proto-cuneiform SZE is horizontally extended but otherwise the same,
with the meaning “barley.” Old Chinese feng1, “boughs; abundance” is similar
but shows fewer prongs. This is also the
case with the Cretan hieroglyph O25 which probably represents the syllable te.
In Luwian, the simpler GRAIN EAR with only three prongs on each side is
covered by a “table” to represent the syllable tù.
 |
| Punchmarked coin motif 100, considered a tree (Gupta 1960: Pl. II, no. 100). |
In later India, similar forms appear on punchmarked
coins. The symbol is termed a “tree” at
times, when it occurs in motifs 73, 87, and 100 (Gupta 1960: Pl. II). A variation on this theme even appears on the
Phaistos Disk, though with small loops instead of prongs. The simple type with prongs is among the motifs
found in Old Europe as well (OE 14).
 |
| Motifs from the rock art of Texas, with "grain ear" near center (Newcomb and Kirkland 1996: 100, no. 2, fig. 33). |
Almost the same motif is found in North American rock
art. It is sometimes interpreted as a
feather in Texas (Newcomb and Kirkland 1996: 21, Pl. 5 and 6). In Nevada it appears 50 times, where it is
identified as the joint pine Ephedra (Heizer and Baumhoff 1984: 79). Perhaps the simplest version appears
frequently in art of the Northwest Columbia Plateau (Keyser 1992 59, f. 33). Here, such motifs are thought to represent
fir boughs used in ritual bathing.
 |
| African adinkra symbol nyame nti, "by God's grace." |
A similar symbol appears in Africa. Featuring among the adinkra symbols, it often
has a curving “stem” as nyame nti (Willis
1998: 160). This name means “by God’s
grace,” as these leaves on a stalk stand for faith and trust in God. Another motif more often has the straight
stem found in the Indus sign: aya, “fern”
(1998: 82). It symbolizes endurance,
independence, and perseverance in the face of difficulty.
Virtually the same symbol also appears in Australia, though
often more elaborate in form. It appears
twice in the same panel, painted once in white and once in yellow at Bimba 2
Shelter, Olary region (Flood 1997: 202).
This is part of the Painted Panaramitee Tradition, found widely across
the central region of the continent.
Layton also notes the motif among linear forms associates with
ceremonial material (2009: 157). Thus,
this is most likely a universal motif, in one variation or another, but the
meaning varies from one place to another.
 |
| Seal K-15 with inscription: VEST / FISH / BUD TOPPED DUBYA / DOUBLY CAGED DEE-SLASH / CORN HOLDER / BOWTIE / POT / COMB // CIRCLE WITH DOUBLE EARS AND FAT EX (?) BETWEEN ESSES / PRONG ON VEE & TRI-FORK IN DIAMOND (the status of the last-named symbol is uncertain -- is it 4 signs?). |
The following sign may or may not be a variation of a previous sign, as well:
BUD TOPPED DUBYA (XV 11). Koskenniemi
and Parpola note only a “dubya” with tops in the form of loops (KP117a) as does
Fairservis (J-3). Presumably they
considered the type with doubled or tripled loops to be a variant. Wells, however, lists this one independently
(W321). This particular variation occurs
ony at Kalibangan (K-15).
 |
| Proto-cuneiform sign |(GI + GI) X GISZ @ t|, combining "reed" (x 2) and "tree." |
In proto-cuneiform there is partly analogous ligature, |(GI
+ GI) X GISZ @ t|. The GI element, which
is repeated twice (rather than three times as in the Indus sign), came to mean “reed.” The rectangular base, GISZ, could mean “tree,
wood.” The first element is sometimes
repeated three times, |GI + GI + GI|, but not with the base.
 |
| Two Egyptian glyphs showing growing plants, M8, a lotus pool, and M20, reedy "marshland." |
Egyptian also includes a tripled reed on a base, this time a
simple horizontal line (M20). It
represents reeds growing, serving as an ideograph or determinative in sxt, “marshland.”
 |
| Old Chinese wing1, "star," an analog that is not a plant (Wieger 1965: 205). |
Old Chinese includes the character xing1,
which also has three identical elements joined by a “dubya” form. Rather than elaborated loops at the top,
though, there are simple circles in this case.
In addition, the central vertical extends below the “dubya” and is
crossed by two horizontal lines. The
character is not a plant now, but means “star.”
Interestingly, Luwian uses almost the same symbol (minus the two horizontal
strokes at the bottom) for the syllable nu.
 |
| Broken seal K-53 with single-sign inscription: STRIPED LEAF OVER TRIPLE TRIANGLES. |
The twelfth sign in this group is a ligature: STRIPED LEAF
OVER TRIPLE TRIANGLES (XV 12), elsewhere found as KP113 and W430. It occurs once, at Kalibangan (K-53), where
it forms the whole inscription. Fairservis
might see this as a combination of his E-6 “head, high” and G-21 “dairy.” Would that make XV 12 a “high dairy”?
 |
| Enigmatic sign on the end of Sb-2E, perhaps including TRIPLE TRIANGLES at the top (or is this an insect?). |
This unusual sign bears some resemblance to another peculiar
element found just once, at Sibri-damb (Sb2E).
This last sign is partly missing due to abrasion. It might be reconstructed as containing the
TRIPLE TRIANGLES, at the top this time.
On the other hand, the top could also be construed as similar to the top
portion of the CARPET RAKE.
 |
| Proto-cuneiform sign LAM~b @ s, a distant parallel to Indus XV 12: "abundance." |
There is a very distance resemblance to proto-cuneiform
LAM~b @ s, which came to mean “abundance; to grow luxuriantly,” as well as “netherworld.” Here, though, it is more the idea that is
similar than the actual form. The
original top might represent plant life of some type, while the bottom has an
overall triangular shape. However,
variants of this sign only maintain the stacked wedges, forming a triangle of
sorts, while eliminating the “grain ears.”
 |
| Tablet H-216 with inscriptions: STRIPED FAT CHEVRON / STRIPED VEST / POT (A side); 3 POSTS / CUP (B side). |
There follows a STRIPED VEST (XV 13), also known as KP309
(with 9 strokes), Fs L-1 (with 12 strokes), and W498. Wells finds 17 occurrences, in three
versions, only one of which has 15 strokes (his “c”). This variant occurs at Harappa (H-216) and
Mohenjo daro (M-372 and M-755).
 |
Proto-Elamite signs resembling the Indus VEST: M206 (above) and M288 (below), the
latter a grain measure;M288 is identical to later Luwian tu4 (though rotated 90 degrees). |
There is some resemblance between Indus sign XV 13 and the
proto-cuneiform UD5 or ESZGAR. The
latter are highly stylized heads of goats, especially the female of the species. As such, they typically has a rounded portion
rather than the square base of the Indus sign. Proto-Elamite also includes two “vest”-like signs (M206~g
and M288). The latter is a container for
grain, with the designation GUR borrowed from proto-cuneiform (Damerow and
Englund 1989: 43-46). It probably
functions as a measure. For some reason,
it also looks very much like the Luwian hieroglyphf or the syllable tu4.
 |
| Plaque from Tepe Yahya, Iran, depicting two buildings, one resembling the Indus "vest" (Potts 2001: 223, fig. 9.10). |
Fairservis considers the Indus sign to represent cloth, but
the symbol is rather like one of the buildings depicted on a plaque from Tepe
Yahya in Iran (Potts 2001: 223, fig. 9.10).
The roof is curved, in this case, unlike the triangular indentation of
the Indus sign. But the overall
resemblance remains.
 |
| Three depictions of butterflies, from Teotihuacan, Mexico (Van Dinter 2006: 187). |
There is even a slight resemblance to butterflies, as
depicted at Teotihuacan, in Central America (Van Dinter 2006: 187). It does not seem likely that butterflies
would be as schematically depicted as Indus sign XV 13 suggests, however.
The following sign is another “fat lambda” type, striped in
this case (XV 14). I gave it another
term, STRIPED DOOR AND KNOB because it stands upright rather than leaning. But this is also true of some instances of
LAMBDA. In any case, it appears
elsewhere as KP200 (with 13 strokes), Fs G-22 (with 14 strokes), and W519. Wells notes two occurrences from Mohenjo
daro.
Another BI-FORK TOPPED HAIR PICK is next (XV 15). It stands in the list at this point due to
Wells’ variant “e.” It seems to me that
he has not shown it quite the way it appears in the photograph, however (L-90).
 |
Seal M-112 with inscription: FOOTED ASTERISK / EXIT / POTTED ONE / LEAF /
STACKED 6 / DOT IN FISH / BI-FORK TOPPED POT / POT. |
The sixteenth symbol is FOOTED ASTERISK (XV 16), shown only
in Wells’ list (W555). It occurs once at
Mohenjo daro (M-112). Apparently,
Koskenniemi and Parpola group it with the FOOTED EX.
Another FOOTED STOOL WITH HAIRY LEGS AND ATTACHED TRI-FORK
appears here (XV 17). It does not
contain 15 strokes in all of the published lists. The precise stroke count depends on just how
it is drawn. I do not think it necessary
to say more, since I discussed it previously.
There is then another singleton: FAT EX WITH ATTACHED
TRI-FORK (XV 18), also known as KP258 and W550.
It is another motif from Mohenjo daro.
 |
| Broken seal H-572 with partial inscription: CAGED TRI-FORK AND VEE IN DIAMOND / FISH UNDER CHEVRON. |
The following sign is troublesome: CAGED TRI-FORK AND DOUBLE
VEES IN DIAMOND (XV 19). It appears here
on the basis of KP391. Wells notes the
similar ligature of a diamond containing the usual single “V” with three prongs
attached below (W397). This combination
is caged as well. He notes that this
occurs twice a Harappa (H-96 and H-572).
In the second case, one of the prongs attached to the base of the
internal “V” extends all the way to the edge of the enclosing diamond. Perhaps this is the origin of KP391. If not, I do not find the symbol in the Corpus.
There is some resemblance to Luwian ku, a diamond with “V”
shaped elements at the right and left sides, as well as two vertical strokes
down the center. Except for the presence
of marks inside a diamond, there seems to be little to commend this parallel.
 |
Detail from copper ingot (?) K-122A with inscription: CIRCLED VEE / VEE & STACKED 9 (?) IN RECTANGLE / (?)
(note that I see zigzagging lines rather than a stacked numeral, but this could be interpreted more than one way). |
The last of the 15-stroke signs is VEE AN STACKED NINE IN
RECTANGLE (XV 20). It appears only in
the list of Koskenniemi and Parpola (KP396).
But it may occur in the Corpus, though just once on a copper object from
Kalibangan (K-122A). My own perception
is three zigzag lines along with the “V,” not the discontinuous marks of a “stacked
nine.”
 |
Egyptian goddess Nephthys on a pectoral from King Tut's tomb; she wears the glyphs for her name on her head,
with the basket nb on top, "lady," over a rectangle enclosing a "V" shape, hwt, "palace," a small loaf inside
for t (based on a postcard). |
Rectangles enclosing additional marks occur widely. In Egyptian hieroglyphs, the long rectangular
pool sometimes includes zigzag lines to represent water (cf. N37 and N38). The “V” shape appears in a very different
glyph, namely O6, the ideograph in hwt
“castle, mansion, temple.” This glyph is
part of the name of the goddess Nephthys.
Other square or rectangular glyphs include O11, “palace”; O36, “wall”;
Q3 “stool of reed matting” (only enclosing marks in some variations); T38, a
butcher’s block appearing in “under”; and W12, the Old Kingdom version of the
ring stand for jars.
 |
Luwian glyph DOMUS, "house," an angular element enlosing additional
marks; does this suggest Indus XV 20 is a house? |
Proto-cuneiform also includes more than one rectangle. With many dots inside, it is SIG2~d4, “hair;
wool; fur.” With parallel lines at top
and bottom, resembling fringe, it is MES, “young man; prince; son; hackberry
tree.” Luwian hieroglyphs also include rectangles. One with two semi-circles on either side is
DOMUS, “house.” With a single circle in
the center, its significance remains unknown (sign 255). With two horizontal strokes crossing the
center, it is PORTA, “door.”
 |
| Rock art motifs from Texas, including two retangles with details (Newcomb and Kirkland 1996: Pl. 40). |
Decorated rectangles are part of the repertoire in
American rock art, as shown by the paired symbols resembling fringed rugs
(Newcomb and Kirkland 1996: 42, Pl. 10, no. 1).
They also occur in Africa, including depictions of ritually significant
bags on the great overhang of Sango at Sanga in Mali (Le Quellec 2004: 60-61,
fig. 6). In Zambia, a rectangle with
enclosures sometimes also has an “L” shaped extension on one side (2004: 68,
fig. 16). This symbol represents a
supernatural being called a ginyu,
with the “L” shaped element its arm. Such
a meaning could not be guessed at by a naive observer, it is worth noting. Only a member of the culture that produced
such a symbol would know this. Such may
be the case with many Indus symbols as well.
 |
Depiction of a ginya from the overhang at Sanga, Mali, a supernatural being (Le Quellec 2004: 60, fig. 6).
|
REFERENCES
Cambel, H. 1999. Corpus of Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. Vol. II. Karatepe-Aslantas. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Damerow, P. and R. Englund. 1989. The Proto-Elamite Texts from Tepe Yahya. Cambridge: Harvard University, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.
Fairservis, W.A. 1992. The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Flood, J. 1997. Rock Art of the Dreamtime: Images of Ancient Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
Gardiner, A. 1976 (1927). Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. Oxford: Griffith Institute and Ashmolean Museum.
Heizer, R.F. and M.A. Baumhoff. 1984. Prehistoric Rock Art of Nevada and Eastern California. Berkeley: University of California.
Joshi, J.P. and A. Parpola 1987. Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions. 1. Collections in India. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Keyser, J.D. 1992. Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau. Seattle: University of Washington.
Korvink, M.P. 2007. The Indus Script: A Positional Statistical Approach. Gilund (amazon.com).
Layton, R. 2009. Australian Rock Art: A Synthesis. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
Le Quellec, J.-L. 2004. Rock Art in Africa: Mythology and Legend. Paris: Flammarion.
Newcomb, W.W., Jr. and F. Kirkland. 1996. The Rock Art of Texas Indians. Austin: University of Texas.
Potts, D.T. 2001. "Reflections on the Production of Chlorite at Tepe Yahya: 25 Years Later," in Excavations at Tepe Yahya, Iran 1967-1975: The Third Millennium, C.C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, pp. 209-230.
Shah, S.G.M. and A. Parpola. 1991. Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions. 2. Collections in Pakistan. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
Van Dinter, M.H. 2006. Tribal Tattoo Designs from the Americas. Amsterdam: Mundurucu.
Wells, B. 1998. An Introduction to Indus Writing: A Thesis. (see also 2011. Epigraphic Approaches to Indus Writing. Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books.)
Wieger, L. 1965. Chinese Characters. Transl. L. Davrout. New York: Paragon and Dover (orig. 1927).
Willis, W.B. 1998. The Adinkra Dictionary: A Visual Primer on the Language of Adinkra. Washington DC: The Pyramid Complex.
